thermal coal, coking coal, metallurgical coke.
Coking coal is the main raw material used in the production of coke, which is in turn used as fuel for the production of steel.
Thermal coal is used for power generation, while coking coal for the production of coke. Due to the different chemical compositions, coking coal is priced higher than thermal coal.
extracted from:
http://www.theedgedaily.com/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.article.Article_5237d92f-cb73c03a-39060b00-e77829a0
Sunday, January 6, 2008
RUBBER PRODUCTS
The rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, is a native of the Amazonian forest. Grown now in parts of Africa and Asia, it is one of the world's most closely studied and carefully tended plants.
Rubber is elastic, flexible, airtight, watertight, long lasting and insulating, to mention just a few of its properties. There are thousands of products, which take advantage of these useful properties.
General Specification:
ISO 2004 : Natural Rubber Latex Concentrate - Centrifuged or Creamed, Ammonia-Preserved Types - Specification.
EXCELTEX Produced by KLK
EXCELTEX® NATURAL RUBBER LATEX CONCENTRATE
EXCELTEX natural rubber latex concentrate is available in six types. EXCELTEX® is the registered trademark for KLK's rubber latex concentrate.
General Purpose EXCELTEX TypesThis group consists of one 'high' and one 'low' ammonia type. Both conform to the respective standard grades listed in the International Standards Organisation (ISO) and Standards & Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) Specifications for centrifuged, ammonia-preserved, natural latex concentrates.
EXCELTEX-HA FULLAM)This is a general purpose, 'high' ammonia type of latex concentrate. By far the most widely used natural rubber latex concentrate, this type will fit into almost any formulation not requiring a special type. This type can be readily blended with standard synthetic lattices in any proportions.
EXCELTEX-TZThis is a general purpose latex applicable in dipping, foaming and other latex purposes. Its main advantages are :-
Low ammonia system, which obviates the need to de-ammoniate the latex concentrate before use.
Low toxic grade, as a result of which health hazard and environmental/pollution problems can be avoided.
TMTD and ZnO, which act as secondary preservatives in the latex concentrate, are popular compounding ingredients (i.e. accelerator and activator respectively) in latex processing. Hence, they do not present any unpredictable problems. Minor production cost saving may be possible.
Special Purpose EXCELTEX TypesThis group consists of various special grades of latex concentrate developed to suit particular customer requirements.
EXCELTEX-DThis grade is specially developed at the request of the latex dipped goods trade. It has a very high degree of stability to zinc oxide and films of excellent quality can be produced from them. Although this type demands extra premia, the higher cost is more than amply repaid by the fine quality of the products, the easy processing and the great reduction in reject percentage. It can be used with confidence in any dipping formulation. Products based on this grade have good resistance to moisture absorption.
EXCELTEX-DC (DOUBLE CENTRIFUGED)This type of latex concentrate has a higher degree of purity than EXCELTEX-D having been taken a stage further during the double centrifugation process. The chemical stability of this grade is excellent and is especially intended for the processes calling for the highest purity, e.g. in the production of catheters and other surgical appliances and for products demanding good dielectric properties e.g. electronic wire insulation. Products based on this grade have particularly high resistance to moisture absorption.
EXCELTEX-HLX HA/LATZThis is a specially treated centrifuged natural rubber latex that possesses behaviours similar to EXCELTEX HA/LATZ, with the added advantages of having :
filterability rate approximately 3 to 5 times better than single centrifuged latex, and
micro-coagulum content (as measured by 325 mesh coagulum level determination) half that of normal.
Such prominent features of EXCELTEX HLX may be readily exploited in fine latex products like extruded latex thread, condoms and adhesive tape manufacture. Indeed, the use of EXCELTEX HLX by some world-renowned manufacturers in Europe and Japan lends testimony to the advantages claimed.
As filtration of latex compounds through fine sieves or muslin cloth is prevalent in most latex product manufacturing practices, the ease of filtration and the distinctly reduced frequency of filter-change are apparent.
Both the parameters, 325 mesh coagulum content and filterability, for the 2 grades of EXCELTEX HLX, show up as superior to single centrifuged latex in raw as well as vulcanised states.
EXCELTEX-PAWith the current increasing demand from our consumers, KLK has ventured a step further into producing centrifuged natural rubber latex of the above. This type is specially produced using a single preservative system, i.e. ammonia gas. With the elimination of other preservative chemicals like TMTD and ZnO, this type would serve as good raw material for production of products being sold in regions like Europe and Scandinavia, as some of the consumers there are known to be allergic to the preservative chemicals mentioned above.
extracted from:
http://www.klk.com.my/busi_plantation_p_r.htm
BLOCK RUBBER
Dry natural rubber graded on the basis of technical parameters is called Technically Specified Rubbers (TSR). The International Standards Organisation ("ISO") first came out with the draft Technical Specifications for Natural Rubber in 1964. Based on these specifications, Malaysia introduced their Standard Malaysian Rubber ("SMR") scheme in 1965. Since then, all natural rubber producing countries started producing and marketing natural rubber as TSR, including Indonesia, the designation being Standard Indonesian Rubber ("SIR").
The SMR grades produced by KLK's Malaysian factories are :
SMR CV
SMR L
SMR 10
SMR 20
The SIR grades produced in KLK's Indonesian factory are :
SIR CV
SIR 10
SIR 20
extracted from:
http://www.klk.com.my/busi_plantation_p_r2.htm
Rubber is elastic, flexible, airtight, watertight, long lasting and insulating, to mention just a few of its properties. There are thousands of products, which take advantage of these useful properties.
General Specification:
ISO 2004 : Natural Rubber Latex Concentrate - Centrifuged or Creamed, Ammonia-Preserved Types - Specification.
EXCELTEX Produced by KLK
EXCELTEX® NATURAL RUBBER LATEX CONCENTRATE
EXCELTEX natural rubber latex concentrate is available in six types. EXCELTEX® is the registered trademark for KLK's rubber latex concentrate.
General Purpose EXCELTEX TypesThis group consists of one 'high' and one 'low' ammonia type. Both conform to the respective standard grades listed in the International Standards Organisation (ISO) and Standards & Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) Specifications for centrifuged, ammonia-preserved, natural latex concentrates.
EXCELTEX-HA FULLAM)This is a general purpose, 'high' ammonia type of latex concentrate. By far the most widely used natural rubber latex concentrate, this type will fit into almost any formulation not requiring a special type. This type can be readily blended with standard synthetic lattices in any proportions.
EXCELTEX-TZThis is a general purpose latex applicable in dipping, foaming and other latex purposes. Its main advantages are :-
Low ammonia system, which obviates the need to de-ammoniate the latex concentrate before use.
Low toxic grade, as a result of which health hazard and environmental/pollution problems can be avoided.
TMTD and ZnO, which act as secondary preservatives in the latex concentrate, are popular compounding ingredients (i.e. accelerator and activator respectively) in latex processing. Hence, they do not present any unpredictable problems. Minor production cost saving may be possible.
Special Purpose EXCELTEX TypesThis group consists of various special grades of latex concentrate developed to suit particular customer requirements.
EXCELTEX-DThis grade is specially developed at the request of the latex dipped goods trade. It has a very high degree of stability to zinc oxide and films of excellent quality can be produced from them. Although this type demands extra premia, the higher cost is more than amply repaid by the fine quality of the products, the easy processing and the great reduction in reject percentage. It can be used with confidence in any dipping formulation. Products based on this grade have good resistance to moisture absorption.
EXCELTEX-DC (DOUBLE CENTRIFUGED)This type of latex concentrate has a higher degree of purity than EXCELTEX-D having been taken a stage further during the double centrifugation process. The chemical stability of this grade is excellent and is especially intended for the processes calling for the highest purity, e.g. in the production of catheters and other surgical appliances and for products demanding good dielectric properties e.g. electronic wire insulation. Products based on this grade have particularly high resistance to moisture absorption.
EXCELTEX-HLX HA/LATZThis is a specially treated centrifuged natural rubber latex that possesses behaviours similar to EXCELTEX HA/LATZ, with the added advantages of having :
filterability rate approximately 3 to 5 times better than single centrifuged latex, and
micro-coagulum content (as measured by 325 mesh coagulum level determination) half that of normal.
Such prominent features of EXCELTEX HLX may be readily exploited in fine latex products like extruded latex thread, condoms and adhesive tape manufacture. Indeed, the use of EXCELTEX HLX by some world-renowned manufacturers in Europe and Japan lends testimony to the advantages claimed.
As filtration of latex compounds through fine sieves or muslin cloth is prevalent in most latex product manufacturing practices, the ease of filtration and the distinctly reduced frequency of filter-change are apparent.
Both the parameters, 325 mesh coagulum content and filterability, for the 2 grades of EXCELTEX HLX, show up as superior to single centrifuged latex in raw as well as vulcanised states.
EXCELTEX-PAWith the current increasing demand from our consumers, KLK has ventured a step further into producing centrifuged natural rubber latex of the above. This type is specially produced using a single preservative system, i.e. ammonia gas. With the elimination of other preservative chemicals like TMTD and ZnO, this type would serve as good raw material for production of products being sold in regions like Europe and Scandinavia, as some of the consumers there are known to be allergic to the preservative chemicals mentioned above.
extracted from:
http://www.klk.com.my/busi_plantation_p_r.htm
BLOCK RUBBER
Dry natural rubber graded on the basis of technical parameters is called Technically Specified Rubbers (TSR). The International Standards Organisation ("ISO") first came out with the draft Technical Specifications for Natural Rubber in 1964. Based on these specifications, Malaysia introduced their Standard Malaysian Rubber ("SMR") scheme in 1965. Since then, all natural rubber producing countries started producing and marketing natural rubber as TSR, including Indonesia, the designation being Standard Indonesian Rubber ("SIR").
The SMR grades produced by KLK's Malaysian factories are :
SMR CV
SMR L
SMR 10
SMR 20
The SIR grades produced in KLK's Indonesian factory are :
SIR CV
SIR 10
SIR 20
extracted from:
http://www.klk.com.my/busi_plantation_p_r2.htm
OIL PALM PRODUCTS
Palm oil is the most traded vegetable oil in the world today and has been used as a dietary constituent for nearly five thousand years.
Palm oil is obtained from the mesocarp of the Elaeis guineensis fruit, simply by cooking, mashing and pressing. In this process, the seeds are separated and after cracking and removing the shell, the kernel can be processed to yield palm kernel oil and palm kernel cake.
REFINED, BLEACHED & DEODORISED (RBD) PALM OIL
RBD palm oil is obtained from refining crude palm oil. It is a light yellow liquid and semi-solid at room temperature, melting to a clear yellow liquid on slight heating.
RBD palm oil is used as frying oil for food industries such as instant noodles and snack food. It can also be used in manufacture of margarine, shortening, vanaspathy, ice cream, condensed milk and soap.
REFINED, BLEACHED & DEODORISED (RBD) PALM OLEIN
RBD palm olein is obtained from fractionating refined palm oil to separate liquid parts (olein) from solid parts (stearin). It is a clear yellow liquid at room temperature.
RBD palm olein is used as cooking oil as well as frying oil for food industries such as snack food and ready-to-eat food. It is also used as a raw material for margarine and shortening.
REFINED, BLEACHED & DEODORISED (RBD) PALM STEARIN
RBD palm stearin is obtained from fractionating refined palm oil to separate olein from stearin. It is a white solid at room temperature, melting to a clear yellow liquid on heating.
RBD palm stearin is used in margarine and shortening industries. It is also used in soap, candles and oleochemical industries.
PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE
Palm fatty acid distillate ("PFAD") is a by-product from refining crude palm oil. It is a light brown solid at room temperature, melting to a brown liquid on heating.
Palm fatty acid distillate is used in soap industries, animal feed industries and as raw materials for oleochemical industries. Vitamin E can be extracted from PFAD.
PALM KERNELS
Palm kernel is obtained from palm fruitlet after the removal of the mesocarp and shell.
PALM KERNEL OIL
Palm kernel oil is obtained from the crushing of palm kernel. It is a light yellow liquid at room temperature.
Palm kernel oil can be refined into RBD palm kernel oil and its main usage is in oleochemical industries and speciality fats.
PALM KERNEL EXPELLER CAKES
Palm Kernel Expeller Cakes is a by-product from the kernel extraction process.
Palm Kernel Expeller Cakes is used as a raw material for animal feed, especially for cattle feed.
CRUDE PALM OIL
Crude palm oil is obtained from the mesocarp of fresh fruit bunches. It is an orange liquid and semi-solid at room temperature, melting to a clear red-orange liquid on slight heating.
Crude palm oil can be refined and further fractionated to widen its application.
extracted from:
http://www.klk.com.my/busi_plantation_p.htm
Palm oil is obtained from the mesocarp of the Elaeis guineensis fruit, simply by cooking, mashing and pressing. In this process, the seeds are separated and after cracking and removing the shell, the kernel can be processed to yield palm kernel oil and palm kernel cake.
REFINED, BLEACHED & DEODORISED (RBD) PALM OIL
RBD palm oil is obtained from refining crude palm oil. It is a light yellow liquid and semi-solid at room temperature, melting to a clear yellow liquid on slight heating.
RBD palm oil is used as frying oil for food industries such as instant noodles and snack food. It can also be used in manufacture of margarine, shortening, vanaspathy, ice cream, condensed milk and soap.
REFINED, BLEACHED & DEODORISED (RBD) PALM OLEIN
RBD palm olein is obtained from fractionating refined palm oil to separate liquid parts (olein) from solid parts (stearin). It is a clear yellow liquid at room temperature.
RBD palm olein is used as cooking oil as well as frying oil for food industries such as snack food and ready-to-eat food. It is also used as a raw material for margarine and shortening.
REFINED, BLEACHED & DEODORISED (RBD) PALM STEARIN
RBD palm stearin is obtained from fractionating refined palm oil to separate olein from stearin. It is a white solid at room temperature, melting to a clear yellow liquid on heating.
RBD palm stearin is used in margarine and shortening industries. It is also used in soap, candles and oleochemical industries.
PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE
Palm fatty acid distillate ("PFAD") is a by-product from refining crude palm oil. It is a light brown solid at room temperature, melting to a brown liquid on heating.
Palm fatty acid distillate is used in soap industries, animal feed industries and as raw materials for oleochemical industries. Vitamin E can be extracted from PFAD.
PALM KERNELS
Palm kernel is obtained from palm fruitlet after the removal of the mesocarp and shell.
PALM KERNEL OIL
Palm kernel oil is obtained from the crushing of palm kernel. It is a light yellow liquid at room temperature.
Palm kernel oil can be refined into RBD palm kernel oil and its main usage is in oleochemical industries and speciality fats.
PALM KERNEL EXPELLER CAKES
Palm Kernel Expeller Cakes is a by-product from the kernel extraction process.
Palm Kernel Expeller Cakes is used as a raw material for animal feed, especially for cattle feed.
CRUDE PALM OIL
Crude palm oil is obtained from the mesocarp of fresh fruit bunches. It is an orange liquid and semi-solid at room temperature, melting to a clear red-orange liquid on slight heating.
Crude palm oil can be refined and further fractionated to widen its application.
extracted from:
http://www.klk.com.my/busi_plantation_p.htm
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